Caracterización geográfica y fenotípica del álamo (Populus nigra), en la Región de Magallanes, para estimular su uso como cortinas forestales
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2007
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El presente trabajo de titulación tiene como objetivo principal, caracterizar la adaptación geográfica del álamo en la Región de Magallanes y su propagación para estimular su uso como cortinas cortaviento.
Para la cual se llevaron a cabo los siguientes objetivos específicos:
Se eligieron los ecosistemas con los mejores ejemplares adultos de álamo para la elección de las plantas madres, para ello se realizó un extenso recorrido por la región.
De cada ecosistema elegido se definió sus características climáticas. Para poder compararlas y relacionarlas con la condición, altura y diámetro de los álamos.
Las comunas muestradas fueron de norte a sur: Puerto Natales, San Gregorio, Punta Arenas y Porvenir. De la comuna de Punta Arenas se obtuvieron muestras del sector sur (Villa Julita) y del sector norte (Enrique Abello).
De cada comuna se eligieron 8 ejemplares de álamo, excepto de la ciudad de Porvenir donde sólo se encontraron 2 ejemplares, a los álamos elegidos se les evaluó condición. Según teoría y comparaciones visuales, también se les midió altura y diámetro altura de pecho.
De estas plantas madres se recolectó material genético para su propagación vegetativa el cual constó de unas estacas de aproximadamente 25 cm. de largo y 7 u 8 mm. de ancho. Estas fueron plantadas en un invernadero donde permanecieron por tres meses con condiciones óptimas de temperatura y humedad. A estas estacas se les evaluó sobrevivencia y brotación, para poder compararlas entre los diferentes ecosistemas.
Los resultados del estudio permitieron comprobar que los álamos (Populus nigra) en general se han logrado adaptar fácilmente a las condiciones climáticas de las diferentes comunas muestreadas, debido a que es un árbol de mucha rusticidad,encontrándose los de mejor condición, mayor altura y diámetro en Puerto Natales y San Gregorio, debido a que poseen mejores condiciones de clima comparadas con el resto de las comunas.
El material genético propagado en invernadero obtuvo los siguientes resultados las estacas plantadas que presentaron una mayor capacidad de arraigamiento fueron las varetas del Sector Sur, seguidas por las estacas de San Gregorio, Puerto Natales, Enrique Abello y las estacas de menor enraizamiento fueron las de Porvenir.
Finalmente estudios antes realizados permiten comprobar, que las cortinas forestales modifican positivamente distintos parámetros microclimáticos de importancia para el desarrollo vegetal, y la ganadería debido a que contrarrestan las condiciones adversas del clima al reducir el efecto del viento
The following graduation work has as a general purpose a study on the alamo negro (Black Poplar, English term) (Populus nigra) in different areas from the Magellan Region. Therefore, the following specific objectives were reached: 1. The Alamo species was geographically characterized in the region. Once located the corresponding places where the species was, the best specimenswere selected. At simple sight, they had a healthy and complete bark without visible wounds or the presence of any sickness, fungus or insects. From each area 8 alamos were chosen, with the exception of the city of Porvenir where 2 specimens were found. The selected alamos were measured in height (hypsometer) diameter at breast (Vernier caliper) an they were compared on the state or condition they were found. 2. Alamo germ plasma (poles) from the various areas was collected and reproduced. 3. The capacity to take root or survival from the alamo's poles was determined.. They were compared among the different places. Alamo's poles were collected in the following places: Porvenir, Puerto Natales andPunta Arenas: north, south and city centre 160 sticks were planted in each sector, except for Porvenir where only 40 sticks were obtained, in total, 680 sticks were planted. They were between 20 and 30 cm long with 5 to 6 buds. The sticks were planted in plastic flowerpots by sector. Each flowerpot had two poles, leaving about two to three buried buds. Just earth was put in the flowerpots so there would be no bigger effect if hormones to take root were used.The sticks were watered three time a week with plenty of water. They were weeded twice a month. Variables as height, breast diameter (with a ruler), date of first leaf appearance, number of sticks that had taken root or alive, number of sprouted buds per stick were measured. as conclusion, the average height of alamos in the Magellan Region is 16 metres, average diameter is 34 centimetres. Most of them in regular condition which may be due to the area climate (frosting in winter, strong winds) that may have an effect in the correct development of the species, their abandonment and the lack of corresponding pruning. According to height, diameter and condition, the best alamo specimens were found in Puerto Natales, followed by the ones in San Gregorio and the south area of Punta Arenas. About the poles, the general percentage of specimens that took root was 46%. It may be due to the bad conditions of the greenhouse they were in, the small size of the flowerpots used or the small size of the poles used.
The following graduation work has as a general purpose a study on the alamo negro (Black Poplar, English term) (Populus nigra) in different areas from the Magellan Region. Therefore, the following specific objectives were reached: 1. The Alamo species was geographically characterized in the region. Once located the corresponding places where the species was, the best specimenswere selected. At simple sight, they had a healthy and complete bark without visible wounds or the presence of any sickness, fungus or insects. From each area 8 alamos were chosen, with the exception of the city of Porvenir where 2 specimens were found. The selected alamos were measured in height (hypsometer) diameter at breast (Vernier caliper) an they were compared on the state or condition they were found. 2. Alamo germ plasma (poles) from the various areas was collected and reproduced. 3. The capacity to take root or survival from the alamo's poles was determined.. They were compared among the different places. Alamo's poles were collected in the following places: Porvenir, Puerto Natales andPunta Arenas: north, south and city centre 160 sticks were planted in each sector, except for Porvenir where only 40 sticks were obtained, in total, 680 sticks were planted. They were between 20 and 30 cm long with 5 to 6 buds. The sticks were planted in plastic flowerpots by sector. Each flowerpot had two poles, leaving about two to three buried buds. Just earth was put in the flowerpots so there would be no bigger effect if hormones to take root were used.The sticks were watered three time a week with plenty of water. They were weeded twice a month. Variables as height, breast diameter (with a ruler), date of first leaf appearance, number of sticks that had taken root or alive, number of sprouted buds per stick were measured. as conclusion, the average height of alamos in the Magellan Region is 16 metres, average diameter is 34 centimetres. Most of them in regular condition which may be due to the area climate (frosting in winter, strong winds) that may have an effect in the correct development of the species, their abandonment and the lack of corresponding pruning. According to height, diameter and condition, the best alamo specimens were found in Puerto Natales, followed by the ones in San Gregorio and the south area of Punta Arenas. About the poles, the general percentage of specimens that took root was 46%. It may be due to the bad conditions of the greenhouse they were in, the small size of the flowerpots used or the small size of the poles used.
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Alamos
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Punta Arenas, 2007